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Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975) was a British historian, philosopher of history, and cultural critic best known for his work "A Study of History," in which he examined the rise and fall of civilizations. His interdisciplinary approach combined history, sociology, and philosophy to analyze how societies respond to challenges. Toynbee's ideas have influenced the fields of history and political science, making him a prominent figure in 20th-century historiography.

1889–1975·lived 86 years